1. Aircraft General Knowledge
1.1
Airframe
Airframe Structure
- Components
-
Fuselage, wings, tailplane, fin
- primary flying controls
- trim and flap/slat systems
- landing gear
- nose wheel, including
steering
- tyres, condition
- braking systems and
precautions in use
- retraction system
Airframe loads
- Static strength
- Safety factor
- control lock and use
- ground/flight precaution
Engines - general
- principles of the four stroke internal combustion
engine
- basic construction
- causes of pre-ignition and detonation
- power output as a function of RPM
1.3 Engine cooling
- air cooling
- cowling design and cylinder baffles
- design and use of cowl flaps
- cylinder head temperature gauge
1.4 Engine lubrication
- function and methods of lubrication
- lubrication systems
- methods of oil circulation
- oil pump and filter requirements
- qualities and grades of oil
- oil temperature and pressure control
- oil cooling methods
- recognition of oil system
malfunctions
1.5 Ignition systems
- principles of magneto ignition
-
construction and function
- purpose and principle of impulse
coupling
-
serviceability checks, recognition of malfunctions
-
operational procedures to avoid spark plug fouling
1.6 Carburation
- principles of float type carburetor
- construction and function methods to maintain correct
mixture ratio
- operation of metering jets and accelerator pump
- effect of altitude
- manual mixture control
- maintenance of correct mixture ratio
- limitation on use at high power
- avoidance of detonation
- idle cut-off valve
- operation and use of primary engine controls
- air induction system
- carburetor icing, use of hot air
- injection systems, principles and operation
1.7
Aero Engine Fuel
- classifications of fuels
- grades and identification by colour
- quality requirements
- inspection for contamination
- use of fuel strainers and drains
1.8
Fuel Systems
- fuel tanks and supply lines
- venting system
- mechanical and electrical pumps
- gravity feed tank selection
- system management
1.9
Propellers
- propeller nomenclature
- conversion of engine power to thrust
- design and construction of fixed pitch propeller
- forces acting on propeller blade
- variation of RPM with change of airspeed
- thrust efficiency with change of speed
- design and construction of variable pitch propeller
- constant speed unit operation
- effect of blade pitch changes
- windmilling effect
1.10
Engine Handling
- starting procedures and precautions
- recognition of malfunctions
- warming up, power and system checks
- oil temperature and pressure limitations
- cylinder head temperature limitations
- ignition and other system checks
- power limitations
- avoidance of rapid power changes
- use of mixture control
1.11
Systems
Electrical
System
- operations of alternators/generators
- direct current supply
- batteries, capacity and charging
- voltmeters and ammeters
- circuit breakers and fuses
- electrically operated services and instruments
- recognition of malfunctions
- procedure in the event of malfunctions
1.12 Vacuum System
- components
- pumps
- regulator and gauge
- filter system
- recognition of malfunction
- procedures in the event of malfunctions
2. Principles
of Flight
2.1 The Atmosphere
- composition
and structure
- ICAO
standard atmosphere
- Atmospheric
pressure
2..2 Airflow around a body, sub-sonic
- air resistance and air density
- boundary layer
- friction forces
- laminar and turbulent flow
- Bernoulli’s principle – venturi effect
2.3 Airflow about a two dimensional
aerofoil
- airflow around a flat plate
- airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil)
- description of aerofoil cross section
- lift and drag
- CL
and CD and their relationship to angle of attack
2.4 Three dimensional flow about an
aerofoil
- aerofoil shapes and wing planforms
- induced drag
- downwash angle, vortex drag, ground effect
- aspect ratio
- parasite (profile) drag
- form, skin friction and interference drag
- lift/drag ratio
Distribution
of the four forces
- balance and couples
- lift and weight
- thrust and drag
- methods of achieving balance
2.5
Flying controls
- The three planes
- Pitching about the lateral axis
- Rolling about the longitudinal axis
- Yawing about the normal axis
- Effects of the elevators (stabilators), ailerons and
rudder
- Control in pitch, roll and yaw
- Cross coupling, roll and yaw
- Weight and aerodynamic balance of control surfaces
2.6 Trimming controls
- Basic trim tab, balance tab and anti-balance tab
- Purpose and function
- Method of operation
2.7 Flaps and slats
- Simple, split, slotted and fowler flaps
- Purpose and function
- Operational use
- Slats, leading edge
- Purpose and function
- Normal/automatic operation
2.8 The stall
- Stalling angle of attack
- Disruption of smooth airflow
- Reduction of lift, increase of drag
- Movement of centre of pressure
- Symptoms of development
- Aeroplane characteristics at the stall
- Factors affecting stall speed and aeroplane behaviour at
the stall
- Stalling from level, climbing, descending and turning
flight
- Inherent and artificial stall warnings
- Recovery from the stall
2.9 Avoidance of spins
- Wing tip stall
- The development of roll
- Recognition at the incipient stage
- Immediate and positive stall recovery
2.10 Stability
- Definitions of static and dynamic stability
- Longitudinal stability
- Centre of gravity effect on control in pitch
- Lateral and directional stability
- Inter-relationship, lateral and directional stability
2.11 Load factor and manoeuvres
- Structural considerations
- Manoeuvring and gust envelope
- Limiting load factors, with and without flaps
- Changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups
- Manoeuvring speed limitations
- In-flight precautions
2.12 Stress loads on the ground
- Side loads on the landing gear
- Landing
- Taxiing, precautions during turns
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