1. Air Navigation
1.1 Form of the Earth
- axis, poles
- meridians of longitude
- parallels of latitude
- great circle, small circle, rhumb line
- hemispheres, north/south, east/west
1.2 Mapping
-
aeronautical maps and charts
(topographical)
-
projections and their properties
-
conformality
-
equivalence
-
scale
-
great circles and rhumb lines
Conformal orthomorphic
projection (ICAO 1.500,000 chart)
-
main properties
-
construction
-
convergence of meridians
-
presentation of meridians, parallels,
great circles and rhumb lines
-
scale, standard parallels
-
depiction of height
Direction
-
true north
-
earth’s magnetic field, variation –
annual change
-
magnetic north
-
vertical and horizontal components
-
isogonals, agonic lines
Aeroplane magnetism
-
magnetic influences within the aeroplane
-
compass deviation
-
turning, acceleration errors
-
avoiding magnetic interference with the
comass
Distances
- units
Charts in
practical navigation
- plotting
positions
- latitude
and longitude
- bearing
and distance
- use
of navigation protractor
- measurement
of tracks and distances
Chart
reference material/map reading
- map
analysis
- topography
- relief
- cultural
features
- permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features,
unique or special features)
- features
subject to change (e.g. water)
- preparation
- folding
the map for use
- methods
of map reading
- map
orientation
- checkpoint
features
- anticipation
of checkpoints
- with
continuous visual contact
- without
continuous visual contact
- when
uncertain of position
- aeronautical
symbols
- aeronautical
information
- conversion
of units
1.3 Principles of navigation
- IAS, CAS and TAS
- track, true and magnetic
- wind velocity, heading and
groundspeed
- triangle of velocities
- calculation of heading and ground
speed
- drift, wind correction angle
- ETA
- dead reckoning, position, fix
1.4 The navigation computer
- use
of the circular slide rule to determine
- TAS, time and distance
- conversion of units
- fuel required
- pressure, density and true altitude
- time en-route and ETA
- use of the computer to solve
triangle of velocities
- application of TAS and wind
velocity to track
- determination of heading and ground
speed
- drift and wind correction angle
1.5 Time
-
relationship between universal co-ordinated (standard) (UTC) time and local
mean time (LMT)
-
definition of sunrise and sunset times
1.6 Flight planning
- selection of charts
- route and aerodrome weather
forecasts and reports
- assessing the weather situation
- plotting the route
- considerations of controlled/
regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc.
- use of AIP and NOTAMS
- ATC liaison procedures in
controlled/ regulated airspace
- fuel considerations
- en-route safety altitude(s)
- alternate aerodromes
- communications and radio/navaid
frequencies
- compilation of flight log
- compilation of ATC flight plan
- selection of check points, time and
distance marks
- weight and balance calculations
- weight and performance calculations
1.7 Practical navigation
- compass headings, use of deviation
card
- organization of in-flight workload
- departure procedure, log entries,
altimeter setting and establishing IAS
- maintenance and heading of altitude
- use of visual observations
- establishing position, checkpoints
- revisions to heading and ETA
- arrival procedures, ATC liaison
- completion of flight log and
aeroplane log entries.
2. Flight Performance and Planning
2.1
Mass and Balance
Mass and
Balance
- limitations
on maximum mass
- forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity,
normal and utility operation
- mass and centre of gravity calculations – aeroplane
manual and balance sheet
2.2 Performance
Take-off
- take-off run and distance available
- take-off and initial climb
- effects of mass, wind and density altitude
- effects of ground surface and gradient
- use of flaps
Landing
- effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach
speed
- use of flaps
- ground surface and gradient
In-flight
- relationship between power required and power
available
- performance diagram
- maximum rate and maximum angle of climb
- range and endurance
- effects of configuration, mass, temperature and
altitude
- reduction of performance during climbing turns
- gliding
- adverse effects
- icing, rain
- condition of the airframe
- effect of flap
4. Radio Navigation
- Ground D/F
- application
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
- ADF,
including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the radio magnetic indicator
(RMI)
-
application
-
principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
- VOR/DME
- application
-
principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and
accuracy
-
GPS
-
application
-
principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting reliability and
accuracy
-
Ground Radar
-
principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting reliability and
accuracy
- Secondary Surveillance Radar
-
principles (transponders)
- application
- presentation and interpretation
- modes and codes
5.
Communications
Radio
Telephony and Communications
- use of AIP and frequency selection
- microphone technique
- phonetic alphabet
- station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviation
- transmission technique
- use of standard words and phrases
- listening out
- required ‘readback’ instructions
Departure
procedures
- radio checks
- taxi
instructions
- holding on ground
- departure
clearance
En-route
procedures
- frequency changing
- position, altitude/flight level reporting
- flight information service
- weather information
- weather reporting
- procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position
- procedural phraseology
- height/range coverage
Arrival and
traffic pattern procedures
- arrival
clearance
- calls and
ATC instructions during the:
- circuit
- approach and
landing
- vacating
runway
Communication
failure
- action to be
taken
- alternate
frequency
-
serviceability check, including microphone and headphones
- in-flight
procedures according to type of airspace
Distress and
urgency procedures
- distress
(Mayday), definition and when to use
- frequencies
to use
- contents of
Mayday message
- urgency
(Pan), definition and when to use
- frequencies
to use
- relay of
messages
- maintenance
of silence when distress/urgency call heard
- cancellation
of distress/urgency
6. General Flight Safety
Aeroplane
- seat adjustment and security
- harnesses and seat belts
- emergency equipment and its use
- fire extinguisher
- engine/cabin fires
- de-icing systems
- survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- re-fuelling precautions
- flammable goods/pressurized container
Operational
- wake turbulence
- aquaplaning
- windshear, take-off, approach and landing
- passenger briefings
- emergency exits
- evacuation from the aeroplane
- forced landings
- gear-up landing
- ditching
7. Instrumentation
7.1 Flight Instruments
Pitot / Static
System
-
pitot tube, function
-
pitot tube, static source
-
alternate static source
-
position error
-
system drains
-
errors caused by blockage or leakage
Airspeed
indicator
-
principles of operation
-
relationship between pitot and static pressure
-
definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
-
instrument errors,
- airspeed
indications, colour coding
- pilot’s
serviceability checks
Altimeter
-
principles of operation and construction
- function of the sub-scale
-
effects of atmospheric density
-
pressure altitude
-
true altitude
-
international standard atmosphere
-
flight level
- presentation
(three needle)
-
instrument errors
-
pilot’s service ability checks
Vertical
Speed Indicator (VSI)
-
principles of operation and construction
- function
- inherent
lag
-
instantaneous VSI
-
presentation
- pilot’s
serviceability checks
Gyroscopes
- principles
- rigidity
- precession
Turn indicator
- rate gyro
- purpose and function
- effect of speed
- presentation
- turn coordinator
- limited rate of turn indications
- power source
- balance indicator
- principle
- presentation
- pilot’s serviceability checks
Altitude indicator
- earth gyro
- purpose and function
- presentations
- interpretation
- operating limitations
- power source pilot’s serviceability checks
Heading
indicator
- Directional gyro
- Purpose and function
- Presentation
- Use with Magnetic compass
- Setting mechanism
- Apparent drift
- Operating limitation
- Power source
- Pilot’s serviceability checks
Magnetic Compass
-
construction and function
- earth’s
magnetic field
- variation
and deviation
- turning,
acceleration errors
-
precautions when carrying magnetic items
- pilot’s
service ability checks
Engine Instruments
- principles, presentation and
operational use of:
- oil temperature gauge
- oil pressure gauge
- cylinder head temperature gauge
- exhaust gas meter
- manifold pressure gauge
- fuel pressure gauge
- fuel flow gauge
- fuel quantity gauge (s)
- tachometer
Other
Instruments
- principles, presentation and operational use of:
- vacuum gauge
- voltmeter and ammeter
- warning indicators
- others relevant to aeroplane type
7.2 Airworthiness
- certificate to be in force
- compliance with requirements
- periodic maintenance inspections
- compliance with flight manual (or equivalent),
instructions, limitations, placards
- flight manual supplements
- provision and maintenance of documents
- aeroplane, engine and propeller log books
- recording of defects
- permitted maintenance by pilots
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