THE
SYLLABUS OF AVIATION METEOROLOGY IS AS FOLLOWS :
1.1
The Atmosphere
a)
Composition, extent, vertical division
b)
Temperature
- vertical distribution of
temperature
- transfer of heat: solar
and terrestrial radiation, conduction, convection, advection and turbulence
- lapse rate, stability and
instability
- development of
inversions, types of inversions
- temperature near the
earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal
- variation, effect of
clouds, effect of wind
c)
Atmospheric pressure
- barometric pressure,
isobars
- pressure variation with
height, contours (isohypses)
- reduction of pressure to
mean sea level, QFF
- surface low/upper-air
low, surface high/upper-air high-precipitation
e)
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
f)
Altimetry
- pressure altitude, true
altitude
- height, altitude, flight
level
- altimeter settings: QNH,
QFE, 1013.25 hPa
- effect of accelerated
airflow due to topography
1.2
Wind
a)
Definition and measurement
b)
Primary cause of wind
- primary cause of wind,
pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind
- relationship between
isobars and wind
c)
General circulation
- general circulation
around the globe
d)
Turbulence
- Turbulence and gustiness,
types of turbulence
- origin and location of
turbulence
e)
Variation of wind with height
- variation of wind in the
friction layer
f)
Local winds: Anabatic and katabatic winds, land and sea breezes, venturi effects
g)
Standing waves
- origin of standing waves
1.3
Thermodynamics
a)
Humidity
- water vapour in the
atmosphere
- temperature / dew point,
mixing ratio, relative humidity
1.4 Clouds and Fog
a) Clouds formation and
description
- cloud types, cloud
classification
- influence of inversions
on cloud development
b)
Fog, mist, haze
- radiation fog
- advection fog
- steaming fog
- frontal fog
- orographic fog
1.5
Precipitation
a)
Development of precipitation
- development of
precipitation
- types of precipitation
- type of precipitation,
relationship with cloud types
1.6
Airmasses and Fronts
a)
Types of airmasses
- description, factors,
affecting the properties of an airmass
- classification of
airmasses, modifications of airmasses, areas of origin
b)
Fronts
- boundaries between
airmasses (fronts), general situation, geographic differentiation
- warm front, associated
clouds and weather
- cold front, associated
clouds and weather
- Warm sector, associated
clouds and weather
- weather behind the cold
front
- occlusions, associated
clouds and weather
- stationary front,
associated clouds and weather
- movement of fronts and
pressure systems, life cycle
1.7
Pressure Systems
a)
Location of the principal pressure areas
b)
Anticyclone: Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm
anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence
c)
Non frontal depressions
- thermal, orographic – and
secondary depressions, cold air pools, trough
d)
Tropical revolving storms
1.8
Climatology
a)
Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes
- westerly waves
- high pressure area
- uniform pressure pattern
b)
Local seasonal weather and wind
- SE & NE Monsoon,
Pre-Monsoon, Northwesters, Kalbaisakhi
- Western Disturbance
1.9
Flight Hazards
a)
Icing
- weather conditions for
ice accretion, topographical effects
b)
Turbulence
- effects on flight,
avoidance
c)
Windshear
- definition of windshear
- weather conditions for
windshear
- effects on flight
d)
Thunderstorms
- structure of
thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, storm cells, electricity in the
atmosphere, static charges
- conditions for and
process of development, forecast, location, type specification
- Thunderstorm avoidance,
ground/airborne radar, storm scope
- development and effect of
down bursts
- development of lightning
discharge and effect of lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution
e)
Low and high level inversions: Influence on aircraft performance
f)
Hazards in mountainous areas
- influence of terrain on
clouds and precipitation, frontal passage
- vertical movements,
mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, ice accretion
- development and effect of
valley inversions
g)
Visibility reducing phenomena
- reduction of visibility
caused by mist, smoke, dust, sand and precipitation
- reduction of visibility
caused by low drifting and blowing snow
1.10.
Meteorological Information
a)
Observation
- On the ground – surface
wind, visibility and runway visual range, transmissometers; Clouds – type,
amount, height of base and tops, movement; Weather – including all types of
precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, atmospheric
pressure
- aircraft observations and
reporting, data link systems, PIREPS
b)
Weather Charts
- significant weather
charts
- surface charts
- upper air charts
- symbols and signs on
analysed and prognostic charts
c)
Information for Flight Planning
- Aeronautical codes:
METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET, SNOWTAM, runway report
- Meteorological broadcasts
for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS, HFVOLMET, ACARS
- Content and use of pre-flight
meteorological documents
- Meteorological briefing
and advice
- measuring and warning
systems for low level windshear, inversion
- Special meteorological
warnings
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