Aviation Meteorology
3.1 The Atmosphere
- Composition and structure
- vertical divisions
- Pressure, density and temperature
- barometric pressure, isobars
- changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude
- altimetry terminology
- diurnal variation of temperature
- adiabatic process
- temperature lapse rate
- stability and instability
- water vapour in the atmosphere
- vapour pressure
- dew point and relative humidity
- condensation and vaporization
- precipitation
3.3 Pressure and wind
- high and low pressure areas
- motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient
- vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence
- surface and geostrophic wind
- effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing
- relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot’s law
- turbulence and gustiness
- local winds, fahn, land and sea breeze
3.4 Clouds formation
- cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion - cloud types
- convection clouds
- orographic clouds
- stratiform and cumulus clouds
- flying conditions in each cloud type
3.5 Fog, mist, haze
- radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog
- formation and dispersal
- reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand
- assessment of probability of reduced visibility
- hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical
3.6 Air masses
- description of and factors affecting the properties of air masses
- classification of air masses, region of origin
- modification of air masses during their movement
- development of low and high pressure system
- weather associated with pressure systems
3.7 Ice accretion
- conditions conducive to ice formation
- effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice
- effects of icing on aeroplane performance
- precautions and avoidance of icing conditions
- powerplant icing
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- precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburetor icing
3.8 Thunderstorms
- formation – air mass, frontal, orographic
- conditions required
- development process
recognition of favourable conditions for formation
- hazards for aeroplanes
- effects of lightning and severe turbulence
- avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms
3.9 Flight over hilly or mountainous areas
- hazards
- influence of terrain on atmospheric processes
- mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects, valley winds
3.10 Indian Climatology
- general seasonal circulation in the troposphere
- local seasonal weather and winds
- tropopause influence on aircraft performance
- effect of ozone, radioactivity
- development and effect of valley inversions
- reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow
3.11 Altimetry
- operational aspects of pressure settings,
- pressure altitude, density altitude
- height, altitude, flight level
- ICAO standard atmosphere
- QNH, QFE, standard setting
- transition altitude, layer and level
3.12 The meteorological organization
- aerodrome meteorological offices
- aeronautical meteorological stations
- forecasting service
- meteorological services at aerodromes
- availability of periodic weather forecasts
3.13 Weather analysis and forecasting
- weather charts, symbols, signs
- significant weather charts
- prognostic charts for general aviation
3.14 Weather information for flight planning
- reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s)
- interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF
- availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility
3.15 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation
- VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET
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