THE SYLLABUS OF AIR NAVIGATION IS AS FOLLOWS:
1.
Air Navigation
a)
Basics of Navigation
- The solar system
- seasonal and apparent
movements of the sun
- The earth
- great circle, small
circle, rhumb line
- convergency, conversion
angle
- latitude, difference of
latitude
- longitude, difference of
longitude
- use of latitude and
longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific position
- Time and time conversions
- apparent time
- UTC
- LMT
- standard times
- international dateline
- Directions
- terrestrial magnetism:
declination, deviation and compass variations
- magnetic poles,
isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic
- Distance
- units of distance and
height used in navigation: nautical miles, statute miles, kilometers, metres, yards
and feet
- conversion from one unit
to another
- relationship between
nautical miles and minutes of latitude
- General principles
- terrestrial magnetism
- resolution of the earth’s
total magnetic force into vertical and horizontal components
- the effects of change of
latitude on these components
- directive force
- magnetic dip
- variation
- Aircraft magnetism
- hard iron and vertical
soft iron
- the resulting magnetic
fields
- the variation in
directive force
- Change of deviation with
change of latitude and with change in aircraft’s heading
- turning and acceleration
errors
- keeping magnetic
materials clear of the compass
- knowledge of the principles,
standby and landing or main compasses and remote reading compasses
- detailed knowledge of the
use of these compasses
- serviceability tests
- advantages and
disadvantages of the remote indicating compasses
- adjustment and
compensation of direct reading magnetic compass
c)
Charts
- General properties of
miscellaneous type of projections
- Mercator
- Lambert conformal conic
- Polar stereographic
- Transverse mercator
- Oblique mercator
- The representation of
meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines
- direct Mercator
- Lambert conformal conic
- Polar Stereographic
- The use of current
aeronautical charts
- plotting positions
- methods of indicating
scale and relief
- conventional signs
- measuring tracks and
distances
- plotting bearings
d)
Dead Reckoning Navigation (DR)
- Basics of dead reckoning
- track
- heading (compass,
magnetic, true, grid)
- wind velocity
- airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS,
Mach number)
- ground speed
- ETA
- drift, wind correction
angle
- DR-position, fix
- Use of the navigational
computer
- speed
- time
- distance
- fuel consumption
- conversions
- heading
- airspeed
- wind velocity
- The triangle of
velocities, methods of solution for the determination of
- heading
- ground speed
- wind velocity
- track and drift angle,
track error
- time and distance
problems
- Determination of DR
position
- need for DR
- confirmation of flight
progress (mental DR)
- lost procedures
- heading and TAS vector
since last confirmed position
- application of wind
velocity vector
- last known track and
ground speed vector
- assessment of accuracy of
DR position
- Measurement of DR
elements
- calculation of altitude,
adjustments, corrections, errors
- determination of
temperature
- determination of
appropriate speed
- determination of mach
number
- Resolution of current DR
problems by means of
- mercator charts
- lambert charts
- polar stereographic
projections
- Measurement of
- maximum range
- radius of action
- point-of-safe-return and
point-of-equal-time
- Miscellaneous DR
uncertainties and practical means of correction
e)
In-flight Navigation
- Use of visual
observations and application to in-flight navigation
- Navigation in climb
descent
- average airspeed
- average wind velocity
- ground speed/distance
covered during climb or descent
- Navigation in cruising
flight, use of fixes to revise navigation data as
- ground speed revision
- off-track corrections
- calculation of wind speed
and direction
- ETA revisions
- Flight log (including
navigation records)
2.
Mass and Balance - Aeroplanes
a)
Introduction to Mass and Balance
- Centre of gravity (cg):
Definition, importance in regard to aircraft stability (Aeroplane)
- Mass and balance
- consult aeroplane flight
manual for: cg limits for take-off, landing, cruise configurations
- maximum floor load
- maximum ramp and taxi mass
(Aeroplane)
- factors determining
maximum permissible mass : structural limitations, performance limitations such
as – runway available for take-off and landing, weather conditions
(temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation); rate-of-climb and altitude
requirements for obstacle clearance; engine-out performance requirements
- factors determining cg
limits: aircraft stability, ability of flight controls and surfaces to overcome
mass and lift pitching moments under all flight conditions, changes in cg
location during flight due to consumption of fuel, raising and lowering of
undercarriage, and intentional relocation of passengers or cargo, transfer of
fuel, movement of centre of lift because of changes in position of wing flaps
b)
Loading
- Terminology: empty mass,
dry operating mass (empty mass + crew + operating items + unusable fuel), zero
fuel mass, standard mass – crew, passengers and baggage, fuel, oil water
(volume/mass conversion factors), carry-on luggage, useful load (traffic load +
usable fuel
- Effects of overloading:
high take-off and safety speeds, longer take-off and landing distances, lower
rate-of-climb, influence on range and endurance, decreased engine-out
performance, possible structural damage in extreme cases
c)
Centre of Gravity (cg)
- basic of cg calculations
(load and balance documentation)
- Datum – explanation of
term, location, use in cg calculation
- Moment arm – explanation
of term, determination of algebric signs, use
- Moment – explanation,
moment = mass x moment arm
- Expression in percentage
of mean aerodynamic chord (% MAC)
- Calculation of cg
- Effect of load-shift
- movement of cg. Possible
out of limits
- possible damage due to
inertia of a moving load
- effect of acceleration of
the aircraft load
3.
Performance
a)
Performance of Single-Engine Aeroplanes
- definitions of terms and
speeds used
- Take-off and landing
performance
- Effect of aeroplane mass,
wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway conditions
- Use of aeroplane flight
manual data
- Climb and cruise
performance
- use of aeroplane flight
data
- effect of density
altitude and aeroplane mass
- endurance and the effects
of the different recommended power settings
- still air range with
various power settings
b)
Performance of Multi-Engine Aeroplanes
- definitions of terms and
speeds used
- any new terms used for
multi-engine aeroplane performance
- Importance of performance
calculations
- determination of
performance under normal conditions
- consideration of effects
of pressure altitude, temperature, wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope, and
runway conditions
- Elements of performance
- take-off and landing
distances
- obstacle clearance at
take-off
- rate of climb and descent
- effects of selected power
settings, speeds, and aircraft configuration
- Cruise altitudes and
altitude ceiling
- en-route requirements
- Payload/range trade-offs
- Speed/economy trade-offs
- Use of performance graphs
and tabulated data
- performance section of
flight manual
4.
Flight Planning and Monitoring – Aeroplanes
a)
Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights
- Navigation Plan
- selection of routes,
speeds, heights (altitudes) and alternate airfield/landing sites
- terrain and obstacle
clearance
- cruising levels
appropriate for direction of flight
- navigation check points,
visual or radio
- measurement of tracks and
distances
- obtaining wind velocity
forecast for each leg
- computations of headings,
ground speeds, and time en-route from tracks, true airspeed and wind velocities
- completion of pre-flight
portion of navigation flight log
- Fuel Plan
- computation of planned
fuel usage for each leg and total fuel usage for the flight
- flight manual figures for
fuel flow during climb, en-route and during descent
- navigation plan for times
en-route
- fuel for holding and
diversion to alternate airfield
- reserves
- total fuel requirements
for flight
- completion of pre-flight portion
of fuel log
- Flight monitoring and
in-flight re-planning
- in-flight fuel
computations
- recording of fuel
quantities remaining at navigational checkpoints
- calculation of actual
consumption rate
- comparison of actual and
planned fuel consumption and fuel state
- Revision of fuel reserve
estimates
- in-flight re-planning in
case of problems
- selection of cruise
altitude and power settings for new destination
- time to new destination
- fuel state, fuel
requirements, fuel reserves
- Radio communication and
navigation aids
- communication frequencies
and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service
facilities such as weather stations
- radio navigation and
approach aids, if appropriate
- type
- frequencies
- identification
b)
ICAO ATC Flight Plan
- types of flight plan
- ICAO flight plan – format
- completing the flight
plan
- Filling the flight plan
- procedures for filing
- agency responsible for
processing the flight plan
- Adherence to flight plan
c)
Practical Flight Planning -
- Chart preparation
- Plot tracks and measure
directions and distances
- Navigation plans
- Completing the navigation
plan using:
- tracks and distances from
prepared charts
- wind velocities as
provided
- true airspeeds as
appropriate
- Simple fuel plans
- Preparation of fuel logs
showing planned values for:
- fuel used on each leg
- fuel remaining at the end
of each leg
- endurance, based on fuel remaining
and planned consumption rate, at end of each leg
- Radio planning practice
- Communications
- frequencies and call
signs of air traffic control agencies and facilities and for in-flight services
such as weather information
d)
Practical Completion of a ‘Flight Plan’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC
plan, etc.)
- Extraction of data
- extraction of
navigational data
- extraction of
meteorological data
- extraction of performance
data
- completion of navigation
flight plan
- completion of fuel plan
- time and fuel to
top-of-climb
- cruise sector times and
fuel used
- total time and fuel
required to destination
- fuel required for missed
approach, climb en-route altitude, and cruise alternate
- reserve fuel
- Completion of air traffic
flight plan
5.
Radio Navigation
a)
Radio Aids
- Ground D/F (including
classification of bearings)
- principles
- presentation and
interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range
and accuracy
- ADF (including associated
beacons and use of the radio magnetic indicator)
- principles
- presentation and
interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range
and accuracy
- VOR and Doppler – VOR
(including the use of the radio magnetic indicator)
- principles
- presentation and
interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range
and accuracy
- DME (distance measuring
equipment)
- principles
- presentation and
interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range
and accuracy
- ILS (Instrument Landing
System)
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range
and accuracy
b)
Basic Radar Principles
- SSR secondary
surveillance radar and transponder
- principles
- presentation and
interpretation
- modes and codes,
including mode S
c)
Self-contained and External-Referenced Navigation Systems
- Satellite assisted
navigation: GPS / GLONASS
- principle of operation
- advantages and
disadvantages
6
Instrumentation
6.1
Flight Instruments
a)
Air data instruments
- pitot and static system
- pitot tube, construction
and principles of operation
- static source
- malfunction
- heating
- alternate static source
- Altimeter
- construction and
principles of operation
- display and setting
- errors
- correction tables
- tolerances
- Airspeed indicator
- construction and
principles of operation
- speed indications (IAS)
- meaning of coloured
sectors
- maximum speed indicator,
VMO, MMO pointer
- errors
- Vertical Speed Indicator
(VSI)
- aneroid and instantaneous
VSI (IVSI)
- construction and
principles of operation
- display
b)
Gyroscopic instruments
- Gyro fundamentals
- theory of gyroscopic
forces (stability, precession)
- types, and principles of
operation:
- vertical gyro
- directional gyro
- rate gyro
- rate integrating gyro
- single degree-of-freedom
gyro
- ring laser gyro
- apparent drift
- random drift
- mountings
- drive types, monitoring
- Directional gyro
- construction and
principles of operation
- Slaved gyro compass
- construction and
principles of operation
- components
- mounting and modes of
operation
- turn and acceleration
errors
- application, uses of
output data
- Attitude indicator
(vertical gyro)
- construction and
principles of operation
- display types
- turn and acceleration
errors
- application, uses of
output data
- Turn and bank indicator
(rate gyro)
- construction and principles
of operation
- display types
- application, uses of
output data
- turn coordinator
c)
Magnetic Compass
- construction and
principles of operation
- errors (deviation, effect
of inclination)
d)
Radio Altimeter
- components
- frequency band
- principle of operation
- displays
- errors
6.2
Power Plant and System Monitoring Instruments
- Pressure Gauge
- sensors
- pressure indicators
- meaning of coloured
sectors
- Temperature Gauge
- ram rise, recovery factor
- RPM Indicator
- interfacing of signal
pick-up to RPM gauge
- RPM indicators, piston
and turbine engines
- meaning of coloured
sectors
- Consumption Gauge
- high pressure line fuel
flowmeter (function, indications, failure warnings)
- Fuel Gauge
- measurement of
volume/mass, units
- measuring sensors
- content, quantity
indicators
- reasons for incorrect
indications
- Torque Meter
- indicators, units
- meaning of coloured
sectors
- Basics of Electronic
Displays
- EFIS
- EICAS
- ECAM
- FMS
- Basic radio propagation
theory
- Basic principles
- Electromagnetic waves
- Wave length, amplitude,
phase angle, frequency
- Frequency bands, side
band, single side band
- Pulse characteristics
- Carrier, modulation,
demodulation
- Kind of modulation
(amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex)
- Oscillation circuit
- Antennas
- Characteristics
- Polarization
- Types of antennas
- Wave propagation
- Ground wave
- Space wave
- Propagation with the frequency
bands
- Frequency prognosis (MUF)
- fading
- Factors affecting
propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline,
mountain, static)
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